³Ò±ð°ù³¾²¹²Ô²â¡¯²õ Max Planck Society of research institutes has launched a women-only programme of tenure-track positions to improve its gender balance and stop rivals poaching its best female scientists.

The excellence programme, named after the pioneering early 20th-century physicist, is one of several women-only hiring initiatives that some observers believe are becoming more common while the proportion of women in top research positions remains stubbornly low.

Christina Beck, a spokeswoman for Max Planck¡¯s network of 83 institutes, said that the programme was being launched because ¡°the competition for highly talented female scientists is increasing all over the world, while the pool of excellent women is not really growing¡±.

¡°Other institutions successfully recruit the best of our female scientists at group leader level,¡± she said.

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Backed by more than €30 million (?26.5 million), the society will create up to 10 five-year research group leader positions annually for the next four years. Unlike the network¡¯s previous women-only initiative to recruit group leaders, which ended in 2015, these positions will be tenure-track, meaning that recipients get the chance to make their positions permanent at the end of the period.

Grietje Molema, president of the Dutch Network of Women Professors and a professor at the University of Groningen, said that women-only programmes were getting more common in Europe and called the move by Max Planck a ¡°good step forward¡±.

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¡°Affirmative action¡± was an ¡°essential part¡± of tackling the underrepresentation of women in research, she said.

In 2003, Groningen started offering Rosalind Franklin Fellowships ¨C some of which have been co-funded by the European Union ¨C which grant female researchers placements of up to six years. Towards the end of the fellowship, fellows are assessed and, if successful, promoted to associate professor with tenure. After a further four to seven years, they are assessed again, with the chance to become full professors.

The Technical University of Delft also offers women-only at assistant, associate or full professor level.

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But women-only recruitment drives were not enough, Professor Molema argued. ¡°These programmes are fantastic but you have to fix the system,¡± she said.

One problem was that mainly male senior academics tended to promote ¡°a copy¡± of themselves to top positions, leaving women behind, she said.

Louise Morley, director of the Centre for ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø and Equity Research at the University of Sussex, acknowledged that ¡°any positive discrimination intervention is always controversial as critics argue that it is in opposition to merit. However, when any social group is so under-represented, some focused actions are necessary."?

The most recent statistics from the European Commission show that only small steps towards gender equality have been made on the higher rungs of the academic promotion ladder. Women represent 47 per cent of PhD graduates, but just 21 per cent of academics at the highest level, according to?, with the proportion of female researchers dropping the higher the position.

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Germany has a below-average proportion of female researchers at the top level (17.3 per cent), as does the Netherlands (16.2 per cent) and the UK (17.5 per cent). The best performers are Macedonia (66.7 per cent), Malta (44.5 per cent) and Croatia (38 per cent).

At Max Planck, the proportion of female group leaders has risen from 21.6 per cent in 2006 to 34.6 per cent now, Dr Beck said.

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david.matthews@timeshighereducation.com